According to behaviorists, may play a key role in substance-use disorders because the temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again.

According to behaviorists, operant conditioning may play a key role in substance-use disorders because the temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again.

Explanation:

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behaviour is sensitive to controlled by its consequences. It is also known as instrumental conditioning. It has following steps :

1) Positive reinforcement

2) Negative reinforcement

3) Punishment

4) Extinction

Example : Rats injected for 10 days with low dose nicotine exhibited reduced time to initiate food responding during a lever-press task,

O.C:Nicotine enhances the reward of food and the motoric activity associated with operant responding.

Similarly, Rats pretreated for 5 days with amphetamine prior to reward training showed an enhanced response to the sucrose delivering lever-press,

O.C Amphetamine delivery imbues an enhanced state of reward-associative learning in operant conditioning.

It can explain how process of addiction develops and is maintained without conscious choice or awareness and why addicts experience conflict when they try to abstain. It also explains why many addicts report a decrease in other drives like eating. Addiction creates drives that are hard to satisfy therefore takes priority over other drives.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Explanation: OPERANT conditioning otherwise known as instrumental conditioning is a type of associative learning process that focuses on rewards and punishments for behavior,this is done through operant conditioning creating an association between a behavior and the consequence of that behavior.

Operant conditioning aims at strengthening or diminishing behaviors using some sort of reinforcer or punisher.

The idea of operant conditioning was first discovered by Edward Thorndike, and analyzed by B.F. Skinner.

There are five basic processes/principles involved in operant conditioning,they are; positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior; punishment, response cost, and extinction weaken behavior.

There are four types of reinforcement: positive, negative, punishment, and extinction.

activity

the category "activity" includes exercise, rest and sleep. there is much confusion about the role that exercise and sleep play in health. like diet, activity is an area where each person can take control.    

vigorous physical activity puts demands on all body systems to work harder. the body responds to these demands by becoming stronger and more efficient. the health benefits of exercise include improved metabolism, increased muscle and bone strength, more efficient cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) function, larger lung capacity, tension reduction, and improved sleep.

the most efficient way to obtain these benefits is through regular aerobic exercise. aerobic exercise involves the large muscles of the body, particularly the legs. examples include brisk walking, jogging, swimming and bike riding. exercise is most enjoyable when it is incorporated into recreation and becomes a regular part of your normal daily activities.

the benefits of regular aerobic activity are becoming more widely understood and accepted; however, the benefits of sleep are often ignored. sleep deprivation can suppress the body's immune system, and has been associated with depression. healing activity is accentuated during sleep. two aspects of sleep must be considered: quality and quantity.

many people just don't allow enough time for sleep. they regard it as a waste of time and use drugs such as caffeine to stimulate their exhausted bodies into action. some people allow plenty of time for sleep, but the quality of their sleep is poor. regular exercise is often effective in people improve their ability to fall asleep. physically fit people spend more of their sleeping time in deep sleep, and in rem (rapid eye movement), or dreaming sleep, the more restorative stages of sleep. people who are getting enough sleep wake spontaneously and feel refreshed.

psychology

psychological health is characterized by high self-esteem and is dependent on two primary features: productive activity and effective interpersonal skills.

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no way! i don't want to spend my night being sick!