1. Miasma is a) the belief that illness is caused by evil behavior
b) a gust of polluted air
c) a method of killing microorganisms
d) a theory that living things can grow from nonliving things

answer is b

  a   having low self-esteem

  b   having abusive family members

  c   having poor school attendance

  d   having friends who discuss gang life

living torture and being abused makes one not mind harming other people.

and also not being supported and abusing one turns one into this state.