The state of Iowa has a statute that makes hazing (tormenting someone who is trying to become a member of an organization) a crime. The purpose of the statute is to prevent physical harm to people who are potential or new members of organizations and might suffer physical or emotional injury as the targets of hazing. Tad Low joined the pre-law club at Iowa State College. The pre-law club had a traditional hazing ritual for any new member that consisted of stripping the new member’s clothing off and duct-taping him to a lamp post in the middle of campus. This was done to Tad Low at the first meeting of the pre-law club. A photograph was taken of a naked Tad duct-taped to a lamp post and the photograph was uploaded to the internet, where Tad’s father, Quart Low, saw it. Quart Low was deeply shocked and angry and had a heart attack. Quart Low brings a suit against the pre-law club to recover compensation for his medical expenses associated with his heart attack. Which of the following is true? a. Quart Low will be able to win on a theory of negligence per se, because the pre-law club violated a state statute.
b. Quart Low will win on a theory of negligence per se, because its illegal hazing was the actual cause of his heart attack.
c. Quart Low will not win on a theory of negligence per se, because he was not within the category of people that the hazing statute was designed to protect.
d. Quart Low will not win on a theory of negligence per se, because the pre-law club did not have exclusive control of the instrumentality of the harm Quart Low suffered (i. e., the internet photo).