Question 1 Below is a list of body systems- complete the following: - • Sensory function
• Cardiac function
• Respiratory function
• Neurological function
• Musculoskeletal function
• Genitourinary function
• Endocrine function
• renal function
• skin integrity
a. List 2 age related physiological changes for each system
b. Discuss how these identified changes can affect the client’s ability to perform activities of daily living.

Age-related Physiological changes
Give two examples Effect on ADLs (client’s daily functioning)
Give one example
Sensory Function

Cardiac Function

Respiratory Function

Neurological Function

Musculoskeletal function

Genito-urinary Function

Endocrine Function

Renal Function

Skin Integrity Function

Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow rates. The creatinine clearance decreases with age although the serum creatinine level remains relatively constant due to a proportionate age-related decrease in creatinine production. Functional changes, largely related to altered motility patterns, occur in the gastrointestinal system with senescence, and atrophic gastritis and altered hepatic drug metabolism are common in the elderly. Progressive elevation of blood glucose occurs with age on a multifactorial basis and osteoporosis is frequently seen due to a linear decline in bone mass after the fourth decade. The epidermis of the skin atrophies with age and due to changes in collagen and elastin the skin loses its tone and elasticity. Lean body mass declines with age and this is primarily due to loss and atrophy of muscle cells. Degenerative changes occur in many joints and this, combined with the loss of muscle mass, inhibits elderly patients' locomotion. These changes with age have important practical implications for the clinical management of elderly patients: metabolism is altered, changes in response to commonly used drugs make different drug dosages necessary and there is need for rational preventive programs of diet and exercise in an effort to delay or reverse some of these changes.

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