Which one of these statements describes a common characteristic of utopianism, socialism, and communism? a ) they are all compatible with the major principles of capitalism. b ) they all exploit labor but divide resources equally among the social classes c ) they all emerged as a reaction to the harmful flaws of capitalism. d ) they all depend on an increase in population and workers rights

C ) they all emerged as a reaction to the harmful flaws of capitalism.

There were concepts of "utopia" prior to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism.  Thomas More coined the term and the concept of an imagined perfect society in his 1516 book, Utopia.  However, utopianism as a movement is generally associated with the early socialists if the 19th century, referred to as "utopian socialists" -- such as  Robert Owen in England and Charles Fourier, and Claude Henri de Saint-Simon in France.  Their early socialist ideas were later adopted by the general "socialist" movement, of which communism is also a part.  Karl Marx referred to his theories of communism as "scientific socialism."