All of the following to improve the efficiency and production of farmers at the turn of the 19th century except: a. the steel plow b. gas tractors c. mechanical reaper d. barbed wire

pan-africanism or pan-africanism is a political, philosophical, cultural and social movement that promotes african twinning, the defense of the rights of african people and the unity of africa under a single sovereign state, for all africans, both africa as of the african diasporas.