He inclusion of certain provisions of the bill of rights in the fourteenth amendment, so that these rights are protected from infringements by the state governments, is called

Selective incorporation
Selective incorporation is a constitutional doctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that take away the constitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill of Right.The Court adopted the selective incorporation doctrine in the 1937 case of Palko v. Connecticut.

For pro eating sensory information i believe it would be the parietial lobe.