In the late 1800s, jews in russia were subject to pogroms, which were one of the options below as your
a. restrictions on where jews could live
b. special taxes required only of jews
c. forced migration to siberia
d. violent, government-sponsored attacks

d. violent, government-sponsored attacks.  These were attacks that were aimed at Jews in Russia as well as the Ukraine.  Other places where pogroms occurred were in Romania and other Eastern European countries.  Even Western European countries and countries in the Middle East had incidences of pogrom-related assaults against Jews.

the federalist party which advocated strong centralization dominated the united states government till 1800. so 1800 election transformed the power from one party to another party for the first time and was thus a turning point in american history. so jefferson called it "revolution of 1800".

explanation:

the answer is a. hope this