What oil was used before crude oil, to fuel lamps and lube machines

Petroleum-which has a color range of yellow to black- is a liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth 's surface. It is changed into various types of fuels. I believe it was Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 who discovered it.

monasticism. people often do monasticism in monasteries

the group i'm selecting: greeks.

a first group of greek immigrants came to the us in the 1850s. the second group came to america starting in the 1890s due to economic opportunities they didn't have back in their home caused by the hardships of ottoman rule. greek immigration was 90% male, many of them expected to work and return to greece after earning enough capital, but ultimately had to remain in the us after the greek genocide.