Sociology emerged in the nineteenth century, with the idea of a secular morality from what thinker?

Auguste Comte

He was a French philosopher who founded the scientific study of society. He believed in positivism, which is the idea that only scientific truth is the real truth. Auguste Comte devised a system of societal reform and advanced the study of sociology

austria

hugary

yugoslavia

czechoslovakia

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]