Which statement best explains the pre-constitutional position of the original 13 states to the threat of attack or invasion? a. it was absolutely certain that the states were united against foreign threats. b. it was not known whether all states would respond to an attack on one state. c. none of the states had war-making capabilities. d. the states signed mutual defense treaties.

My latest book, fightin’, prose short fiction, is a combination. there’s nothing about being indian in there. just stories of people. why shouldn’t i write about non-indians? i don’t have to dress anybody in feathers." how does ortiz's use of language in this excerpt set an informal tone? a. by using contractions and sentence fragments, ortiz makes this part of the interview feel more familiar and casual. c. by using the term "indian" rather than "native american," ortiz makes this part of the interview feel more combative or hostile. b. by employing first-person pronouns, ortiz makes this part of the interview more solemn and pessimistic. d. by asking a rhetorical question, ortiz makes this part of the interview objectively and intentionally funny and lighthearted.