Suppose you are a t-shirt producer in a market without price controls. when you sell t-shirts at the equilibrium price, you will not any resources because you will supply what consumers demand.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts