The passage below is an excerpt from the fourteenth amendment: no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the united states; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. this amendment was proposed by congress in response to which of the following? the rise of violence against emancipated slaves the passage of black codes throughout the south the emergence of white resistance to the civil rights movement the attempts of democrats to limit the voting rights of african americans