Whose actions do the phrases “abuses and usurpations” and “absolute despotism” refer to here? the british the french the continental congress the other colonies

The answer is "The British".

These phrases “abuses and usurpations”  and “absolute despotism” was famously used in the Declaration of Independence which was obviously the onset of the foundation of abolishing British colonial rule. By issuing the Declaration of Independence the 13 American states separated their political associations with England. The Statement abridged the pioneers' inspirations for looking for freedom.

(A) The British

Explanation:

apartheid, (afrikaans: “apartness”) policy that governed relations between south africa's white minority and nonwhite majority and sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites. people should not get this wrong. i was just answering a question.

b) the confederacy had to pay all union war expenses.