What was pope urban 2’s main reason for calling for the first crusades or war of the cross? a. the byzantine enmpitr regain land b. to take the arabian peninsula from muslims c. bring the eastern and western roman empires back together d. to take the holy land back from the islamic empires

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful