Which was a major result of the struggle for africa by european powers between 1880’s and world war 1

Which was a major result of the struggle for Africa by European powers between the 1880's and World War I?

The choices are:  

-An increase in the slave trade  

-The strengthening of traditional village ties  

-An increase in tribal warfare  

-The creation of arbitrary colonial boundaries

Arbitrary colonial boundaries

b. would be the answer if not try c

hope this correct me if my answer is wrong if i am correct can you plz give me brainliest

: ) : 0 : o : d

explanation: