In what ways were states in the southern africa different than those in the north (back in african medieval times)

The major difference between northern and southern African states in medieval times was that North Africa was under direct control of different Islamic caliphates and empires, while in Southern Africa there was a myriad of small tribal states and kingdoms with different beliefs and political systems. Throughout this entire period of time, from 7th to 15th centuries, we can see that North Africa went through the Ummayyad, the Abbasids, the Fatimid Caliphate and Mamluks in Egypt and several Berber caliphates in North-western Africa. On the other hand, in Southern Africa during this period we can find the kingdom of Zimbabwe, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe, the Kingdom of Mutapa or the Kingdom of Butua, all of them held animistic religions and traditions.

the results of roman expansion produced social conflict and civil war. julius caesar gained power and became a dictator but was then assassinated. the reign of augustus began a long period of imperial rule and peace in the roman empire. rome faced the problems of how to maintain peace, law, and order.

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on 6 november american voters will elect members of the house of representatives and the senate, which together are called congress.

both houses of congress are currently controlled by the republican party, which backs president donald trump.

the democrats think they can win control of the house of representatives this year by winning a majority of seats.

doing so would let them block or delay the president’s plans by refusing to enact them.

all 435 seats in the house of representatives are up for election.

if the democrats want to take control of the house by having the most seats, they’re going to have to claim at least 23 from the republicans.

graphic: the battle for the house of representatives