One example of how the enlightenment characterized a change in economic thought from the past

The Enlightenment was a period of new intellectual thought and identity that arose in the 18th century that existed predominately in Europe. During the Enlightenment, new thinkers rose that presented new ideas involving reason, church and state, and individual liberties and identity. In regards to economics, new thinkers such as Adam Smith became highly influential in setting the idea of modern day economics. Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher is famous for writing the influential work "The Wealth Of Nations", in which he states that a country's economy runs automatically, and when given little government interference, is able to sustain itself by means of economic competition among individuals for more wealth and prosperity. Through the workings of the "invisible hand" (individuals who organize their own division of labor. without government interference), economic competition becomes commonplace and leads to stronger free market for the state to thrive off. This idea is influential and relevant, as money and profit remains a strong driving force in society. Adam Smith's theory of economic liberty for the individual without government regulation is a strong example of how certain Enlightenment philosophers questioned the relationship between the individual and the state. Adam Smith's theory set the foundation for what we know as modern day capitalism

both are true, the congress does have the power to create banks, even if this power is not specifically described in the constitution, since there is nothing restricting it and there is power given to the congress to make "all laws which shall be necessary and proper". maryland was not allowed to tax a branch of the national bank operating there, and the supreme court decided that no state could. both of these topics were discussed in a decision of the mcculloch v. maryland case in 1819.

genetics is the study of how dna works, the methodologies defining the new recent technologies allow scientist to have a panoramic view of the entire dna landscape, especially how genomes interact with their environment, including off course, factors outside their organisms.

thus is very possible the existence of both scenarios, where populations of isolated individuals have different genetic traits, and share traits related to genetic mutation, due rats can easily travel overseas using human transport channels. so scientists could get a vast number of data, including human interaction, evolution of rodents, health development, spread of infections, development of new organisms, how genomes evolve in different environments and so on.