Which action was not used by some white southerners to deny justice to blacks?
a. they passed black codes.
b. they allowed hate groups such as the ku klux klan to terrorize blacks.
c. they refused to establish schools for blacks.
d. they allowed blacks to vote and hold political office.
i personaly think it's d. but i don't know.

They refused to established schools for blacks , C

I hope that's help !

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

the russian revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under tsar nicholas ii and the rise of marxian socialism under lenin and his bolsheviks.