1. compare and contrast how mongol invasions affected the development of two of the following civilizations (ottoman empire; safavid empire; russia; china).

The case for Russia, the Golden Horde´s occupation made possible the unification. Before this, russians were organized in self-governing cities, among which the most notable was Kiev. This contributed to the a common goal for russian-speaking people: to overthorw and expel the Mongols, led by the Duchy of Moscow in 1480. Since then, russians have defeated other intents of dominance such as the ones by Napoleon Bonaparte,  and the Nazis during World War II.

The Mongols during their continuous rides, absorbed scientific knowledge from Persia, India, China and Arabia. Medicine flourished under the Mongol rule, which understood the need to keep a healthy army. They created hospitals and training centers. This led China to employ doctors from India and the Middle East.

answer: secession

secession, as it applies to the outbreak of the american civil war, comprises the series of events that began on december 20, 1860, and extended through june 8 of the next year when eleven states in the lower and upper south severed their ties with the union. the first seven seceding states of the lower south set up a provisional government at montgomery, alabama. after hostilities began at fort sumter in charleston harbor on april 12, 1861, the border states of virginia, arkansas, tennessee, and north carolina joined the new government, which then moved its capital to richmond, virginia. the union was thus divided approximately on geographic lines. twenty-one northern and border states retained the style and title of the united states, while the eleven slave states adopted the nomenclature of the confederate states of america.

explanation:

1) checks and balances- this idea is implemented in the constitution to ensure that no one branch of the federal government gains too much power. for example, the legislative branch(congress) can approve a bill that will then be sent to the executive branch (president). if the president does not like the bill or thinks that it violates the rights of citizens, he/she can veto the bill. vetoing the bill stops the bill from becoming a law. this check on power ensures that congress makes laws that do not violate the rights of citizens.

2) anti-federalists do not want to ratify the constitution unless it includes a bill of rights. the anti-federalists are worried that the constitution gives too much power to the federal government. having a strong central government caused problems when the us was still part of great britain. this is why the anti-federalists are fearful of this type of system.

3) federalists want a new constitution passed because it will fix america's weak political structure. before the us constitution is implemented, the constitution being used is known as the articles of confederation. this constitution has an extremely weak central government, allowing for disunity among the states.

can't do the whole thing, hope this