Which most accurately describes historical events of the ottoman empire?
-the ottoman empire established eastern orthodox christianity as its national religion.
- the ottoman empire led crusades against muslim heretics, effectively driving them out of spain.
- the ottoman empire conquered istanbul and renamed it constantinople.
-the ottoman empire established islam as its guiding religion, government, and laws.

In the 11th century AD, the Abbasid Caliphate had appointed the chieftains of a nomadic Turkish tribe called the Seljuks as deputies to oversee Muslim Persia. The Seljuks had a long and contentious history with the Byzantine Empire. They used their authority to engage in battles with outlying Byzantine provinces in Anatolia, known in the present day as Turkey. Splinter groups of Seljuks established their own small emirates throughout the Anatolian frontier, chipping away at the edges of the Byzantine Empire. Invasions by Mongol hordes made the region even more unstable.

Chronicle of John Skylitzes. Madrid National Library. Web.

In a clash between Byzantines and Arabs at the Battle of Lalakaon (863), Amer, the emir of Malatya, was defeated.

Osman Gazi, a leader of one of the emirates, unified the various Seljuk factions and established the Ottoman Empire in AD 1299. The Seljuks were kept busy with the defense of the region from the Mongol hordes. Even so, they still preserved culture and knowledge that the Ottoman Empire was known for. Its lasting legacy can be seen in the art, culture, language, and government of the area. Richly brocaded textiles and exotic fabrics such as silk, for example, were trademarks of the Ottoman Empire, along with the traditional spices which had made this region economically and politically important during the medieval era.

The Ottoman Empire occupied most of Anatolia. Ottoman forces crossed the Aegean Sea and began to conquer European territory in a wide arc from the Balkans to the Black Sea. As the lands surrounding the Byzantine capital fell to the invaders, Constantinople began to look like the bull’s-eye of a target. Sultan Osman located his capital in Bursa, not far from Constantinople. It was just a matter of time before the declining Byzantine Empire fell.

The Europeans recognized this threat and were outraged. For a thousand years, Constantinople had represented Christendom to the Western world. Now it was in danger from a people whose culture was unfathomable to Europeans. The Turkish language, both written and spoken, was difficult to learn, and the desert cultures were mysterious. The European kingdoms organized crusades to defend what they saw as Christian land. But the armor-clad knights of countless feudal kingdoms were unable to stop advancing Ottoman armies.

Peter Hermes Furian/Shutterstock

The Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent in 1683.

Battling alongside the Turks were the Janissaries, an elite class of soldiers. The Janissaries were captured Christian children who had been converted to Islam and forced into military service. Disciplined and committed to the Muslim cause, the Janissaries were feared throughout Europe. The creation of this elite unit of soldiers made the word “Janissary” known and respected throughout Europe. In fact, this term is still used in academic and military circles today.

In AD 1453, after 150 years of bloodshed, the Ottoman Turks launched a successful offensive against Constantinople. Continuous cannon fire blasted the massive city walls into rubble. Finally, Constantinople fell. The conquering Ottoman Turks changed its name to Istanbul, erasing the last traces of the Byzantine Empire. But by any name, this strategically located city conferred great power on those who controlled it.

   So it is D.    Please mark as brainliest?

D. The Ottoman Empire established Islam as its guiding religion, government, and laws.

I had this question on a test, this the answer. I hope this helped! :)

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

in the united states, the president is controlled by the

constitution, and in all respects subordinate to it. insofar

as it deals with presidential power, however, the american

constitution has proved to be a highly malleable document.

with very few exceptions,' the constitutional provisions relating to the president have not been changed at all since

they were ratified in 1787. but in the late twentieth century, those provisions do not mean what they meant in

1787. the constitution is a legal document, and it is enforced judicially; but its meaning was hardly fixed when it

was ratified. in particular, the contemporary president has

far broader powers than the original constitution contemplated. it is remarkable but true that large-scale changes in

the authority of the president have been brought about

without changes in the constitutional text, but nevertheless

without significant illegality.

this is a paradox. is it not clear that constitutional

changes, if not textual, are illegal? the paradox has considerable relevance to our current thinking about the presidency in particular and about constitutionalism in general.

perhaps the framers of the american constitution feared

legislative power most of all; 2 but from well-known events

in the twentieth century, it is possible to conclude that it is

presidential power that holds out the greatest risks to both

liberty and democracy. the president is by far the most visible leader in the nation; he is often the only person in government with a national constituency. moreover, he is