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the phonograph was invented in by it is linked to his invention of the telephone and the original phonographs used lined with tin foil to capture sound in the grooves. the machine had two diaphragm-and-needle units, one for and one for when one would speak into a mouthpiece, the sound vibrations would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle in a vertical groove pattern. the original price tag for a edison phonograph was by 1899 the standard size for cylinders was 4.25" long and 2.1875" in diameter, allowing for minutes of recording. in 1901 the cylinders went from metal to wax allowed the sound to be moulded rather then engraved by the commercialization of the gramophone from the mid-1890s until the early 1920s both phonograph cylinder and disc recordings and machines to play them on were widely mass-marketed and sold. the disc system gradually became more popular because of its price and better by disc record companies. edison ceased cylinder manufacture in the autumn of and the history of disc and cylinder rivalry was concluded. at the turn of the 20th century, emile berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to gramophone records: flat, discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center. other improvements were made throughout the years, including modifications to the turntable and its drive system, the needle and stylus, and the sound and equalization systems. berliner's lateral disc record was the ancestor of the rpm, rpm, rpm, and all other analogue disc records popular for use in sound recording through the 20th century. the 1920s brought improved technology and sales, bringing many phonograph dealers to near financial ruin. with efforts at improved audio fidelity, the big record companies succeeded in keeping business booming through the end of the decade, but the record sales plummeted during the with many companies merging or going out of business. record sales picked up appreciably by the late 30s and early 40s, with greater improvements in fidelity and more money to be spent. by this time phonographs had become much more common, though it wasn't until that console radio/phono set-ups with automatic record changers became more common. in 1940, was used as a record material, mostly commercially for transcription discs. practically no home discs were stamped with this material. victor apparently pressed some vinyl 78s. a transition was made from shellac to vinyl in the popular v-disc that was issued to soldiers during the war. this significantly reduced breakage during transport. it wasn't until after however, that vinyl started to dominate the consumer record industry. 78s mostly remained stamped of shellac until they were completely phased out. were, however, made exclusively of vinyl, with the exception of some 45s manufactured out of polystyrene. booms in record sales returned after as standards changed from 78s to vinyl long play records, which could contain an entire and 45s which usually contained popularized on the radio, plus another song on the back or the next generation of record players in philco developed and produced the world's first all-transistor phonograph. by the 1960s, cheaper portable record players and record changers which played stacks of records in console cabinets were popular, usually with heavy and crude tonearms in the portables. the consoles were often equipped with better quality pick-ups. records where available everywhere. even pharmacies stocked 45 rpm records at their front counters. rock music played on became the soundtrack to the 1960s as people bought the same songs that were played free of charge on the radio. high fidelity made great advances during the 1970s, as turntables became very precise instruments with or jewel-balanced tonearms, some with electronically controlled linear tracking and magnetic cartridges. the turntable remained a common element of home audio systems well after the introduction of other media such as audio and even the early years of as a lower priced music format. however, even as the cost of producing cds fell below that of records, cds would remain a higher priced music format than cassettes or records. thus, records were not uncommon in home audio systems into the early 1990s. by the turn of the 21st century, the turntable had become a niche product, as the price of which reproduce music free from and fell far lower than high fidelity tape players or turntables