After independence most south american countries

After independence, most South American Countries were taken over by conservative landowners identified as 'caudillos.' The Caudillos who filled and assumed power vacuum left behind by the colonial regimes of Spain and Portugal. This led to a strong rise of a dictatorship along with periods of instability and gross inequality between powerful elites and disfranchised masses which have characterized most South American countries since independence.

b: the establishment clause  

b: socialism  

the roman empire began to fall