Will give brainliest

1.) how did african's in the portuguese colonies achieve independence
2.) what was apartheid and how did it function
3.) why did most african states adopt a one way party system
4.) what causes desertification in africa
5.) what subject did many african writers focus on after independence

1. African leaders organized armies to fight for independence; years of bloody warfare ended Portuguese rule.

2. policy of separating whites and nonwhites and placing restrictions upon nonwhites; enforced by police, laws

i only know 1 and 2 sorry

bibliography and citations to credit the sources hope this you if not my deepest of apologize ^w^

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