Buckley v. valeo

question 18 options:

a. upheld contribution limits but struck down spending limits.

b. upheld spending limits but struck down contribution limits.

c. held that campaign finance regulations of any kind are unconstitutional because they violate the first amendment right to freedom of speech.

d. held that disclosure of the names and addresses of donors of campaign contributions of less than $200, to minority parties such as the communist party, violates the freedom of association because contributors to politically unpopular parties risk retaliation such as loss of employment if their identities are revealed.

The correct answer is C. The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could cap contributions to political parties, and thus endorsed the 1974 Act amending the Federal Elections Campaign Act 1971. However, it declared certain parts of the law to be anti-constitutional, to drop the legislated ceiling on the contribution of candidates to their own campaign. Above all, it found the statutory spending limit imposed on political parties in the organization of election campaigns to be contrary to the Constitution: whether the individual restrictions on the amount that could be given to political parties were considered legitimate, in that they led only the parties to broaden their base in order to raise sufficient funds, the ceiling on election expenses itself was annulled on the grounds that it contradicted the 1st Amendment of US Constitution right to freedom of speech.

democracy

explanation:

athenian democracy developed around the fifth century bc in the greek city-state (known as a polis) of athens, comprising the city of athens and the surrounding territory of attica, and is often described as the first known democracy in the world. other greek cities set up democracies, most following the athenian model, but none are as well documented as athens'.

it was a political system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills. participation was not open to all residents: to vote one had to be an adult, male citizen, i.e., not a foreign resident, a submissive or a woman, and the number of these was "probably no more than 30 percent of the total adult population."[1]

the longest-lasting democratic leader was pericles. after his death, athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the peloponnesian war. it was modified somewhat after it was restored under eucleides; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth-century modification rather than the periclean system. democracy was suppressed by the macedonians in 322 bc. the athenian institutions were later revived, but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable. solon (594 bc), cleisthenes (508/7 bc), and ephialtes (462 bc) contributed to the development of athenian democracy. cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth.

hope this !