Unlike totalitarian governments, authoritarian governments usually
a) are run by hereditary rulers.
b) are run by a single individual.
c) contain bureaucracies that run independently of laws.
d) do not need to use the military to take or keep power.

answer: the answer is letter b but i'm not sure

b. second continental congress

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).