Mandarin, the language was declared the official language of china in 1956, was spoken by all ethnic minorities by han chinese only in eastern china only by government leaders

by Han Chinese

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

c, because the american revolution was from 1765 to 1783.