According to your cartesians [followers of descartes], everything is performed by an impulsion, of which we have very little notion; and according to sir isaac newton, it is by an attraction, the cause of which is as much unknown to us. at paris you imagine that the earth is shaped like a melon, or of an oblique figure; at london it has an oblate one. a cartesian declares that light exists in the air; but a newtonian asserts that it comes from the sun in six minutes and a half. . the very essence of things is totally changed. . how furiously contradictory are these opinions! what is the main idea of this passage? sir isaac newton is the greatest scientist of this era. light comes from the sun in fewer than seven minutes. the followers of descartes know more than those who follow newton. people still don’t understand how the world works.

the progressive era is a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the united states that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s.[1] the main objectives of the progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.

the movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. by taking down these corrupt representatives in office, a further means of direct democracy would be established. they also sought regulation of monopolies (trust busting) and corporations through antitrust laws, which were seen as a way to promote equal competition for the advantage of legitimate competitors.

many progressives supported prohibition of alcoholic beverages, ostensibly to destroy the political power of local bosses based in saloons, but others out of a religious motivation. at the same time, women's suffrage was promoted to bring a "purer" female vote into the arena.a third theme was building an efficiency movement in every sector that could identify old ways that needed modernizing, and bring to bear scientific, medical and engineering solutions; a key part of the efficiency movement was scientific management, or "taylorism".

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a list of local governments in the us which go in order from the largest to the smallest division may be represented in the following way:

1. local government: it is placed below the level of state government as it refers to the jurisdiction government.

2. county government: states are organized into counties for administrative purposes.

3. township governments or municipalities: some counties are divided into towns or municipalities as population centers. cities, boroughs and villages are included at this level.

4. districts: special purpose districts encompass areas in municipalities.