The 1800s opened with political controversies about the principles if nationalism versus

Sectionalism

Explanation:

Nationalism refers to an ideology that states that the nation-state is the most important unity in society, and that its priorities need to be taken into account over all other interests. On the other hand, sectionalism focuses on the needs of a small region or section of the territory. At the beginning of the 1800s, the debate between sectionalism and nationalism was an intense one in the United States. While many people felt a connection to the Union, many others felt closer to their region or even their state.

after the civil war, and with the termination of slavery, the south was faced with a big problem; what was supposed to happen and how they were supposed to deal with the freedom and the rights that black people and freed slaves had gained as a result of the north defeating the south and forcing the end of slavery. first, most, if not all, of the workforce of the south came from slaves and they did not have an option to replace the loss of said workforce. second, particularly in the south, people were convinced that black people were lesser, less intelligent, less capable and less smart than whites. this posed a huge problem for them. also, southerners were faced with another issue; freed slaves now had a say in how their lives would be lived and the right to politically choose the way they would be governed. people in the south did not want to accept this, none of this and this opposition and the conflicts that arose from it, not to mention the afereffects of the war, forced the congress of the time to enact and enforce the reconstruction plans that had been proposed by president andrew johnson.