How did the first zhou rulers justify their overthrow of the shang? a. by convincing the people that they ruled through a mandate from heaven b. by keeping most of the population illiterate and tied to the land c. by introducing the concept of the mandate of heaven d. by monopolizing the trade in metals, salt, and silks e. by maintaining strict surveillance over the people

Option: C. by introducing the concept of the mandate of heaven.

Explanation:                    

The Zhou rulers overthrew the Shang Dynasty by declaring themselves as a ruler under the concept of the mandate of heaven, after saying Shang emperors as unqualified and corrupt. Zhou rulers introduced the concept of the mandate of heaven, which means they have the right to rule in China, as heaven has permitted them. Zhou also believed that since there was one heaven, therefore there can be only one ruler to rule China at one time.

answer; i believe the answer is (mesopotamia); modern day

in 550 b.c.e. cyrus the great, the leader of the persians, conquered the medes and united the iranian people under one ruler for the first time. cyrus became the first king of the persian empire and went on to establish one of the largest empires in world.