Were the european settlements in north america an extension of western civilization during the early modern period, or should they be seen as launching a new civilization pattern?

d. migration

the answers is b.   environments.

this means that germany had to pay the allied countries. reparations are/is essentially payment for something that they have done wrong, so after ww1, germany was forced to pay reparations so they could replenish the allied countries resources' that they had lost during the war.

your answer would be (b)