1. device of Anglo-Saxon poetry > kenning
2. neutral vowel in Middle English > e
3. Battle of Hastings > 1066 A.D.
4. signed by King John > Magna Carta
5. breakthrough in warfare of Middle Ages > longbow
6. London dialect from which English developed > Southeast Midland
7. a Franklin > landowner
8. metal for weapons in early Briton > bronze
9. author of "The Nun's Priest's Tale" > Chaucer
10. Beowulf's last foe final > the dragon
11. bubonic plague > The Black Death
12. wars fought to recapture the Holy Land > The Crusades
Explanation:
1. Kenning (plural is kenningar), in the old Norse, means symbol, the act of naming. Kenning is a rhetorical figure used in the literary productions of the ninth to twelfth century of the current countries of Norway and Iceland.
2. Middle English is the name given in historical philology to the various forms that the English language spoken in England since the end of the 11th century until the end of the 15th century. E was a neutral vowel.
3. The battle of Hastings was fought on October 14, 1066. The Franco-Norman army of Duke William II of Normandy confronted the Anglo-Saxon army of King Harold II. It was the beginning of the Norman conquest of England.
4. Magna Carta Libertatum (in medieval Latin, "Great Charter of Freedoms"), better known as the Magna Carta (in English and medieval Latin, Magna Carta, "Great Letter"), is a letter granted by John I of England in Runnymede, near Windsor, on June 15, 1215. The document promised the protection of ecclesiastical rights, the protection of barons against illegal detention, access to immediate justice and limitations of feudal tariffs in favor of the Crown.
5. The English longbow (longbow), also called the Welsh longbow, was a powerful type of long bow (large, for archery) with about two meters in length, used by the English and Welsh during the Middle Ages , both for hunting and for war. The long arches were particularly effective against the French in the battle of Agincourt during the Hundred Years War.
6. Kentish, or Southeast Midland dialect, was a dialect that was originally spoken throughout the southeast region of England. However, during the Middle English period, its area of influence decreased due to the invasion of the East Midland dialect, especially after London became an East Midland-speaking city.
7. Franklin was the denomination of a social category in medieval England, between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. It was a form of freeman (free man); since he was not a servant submitted to the feudal system (that is, he was not linked to the earth). The franklin class consisted of people not only free of feudal servitude, but also owners of land-free property; although their status as commoners placed them socially below the gentry of knights, squires and gentlemen who made up the lower strata of the upper class. The Franklin represented the germ of a middle class of owners who, unlike the continental bourgeoisie, had the basis of their wealth in the countryside and not in the city.
8. After 2500 a. C. a new culture arrived in Great Britain, the culture of the bell-shaped vessel, originated in the Iberian Peninsula, which possessed the ability to manufacture instruments and weapons of metal, initially using copper and from the year 2150 a. C., using bronze, by means of the alloy of copper with tin and thus the bronze definitely replaced the stone.
9. Geoffrey Chaucer was an English writer, philosopher, diplomat and poet, known above all for being the author of the Canterbury Tales. He is considered the most important English poet of the Middle Ages and the first to be buried in the Corner of the Poets of Westminster Abbey.
10. It is an anonymous Anglo-Saxon epic poem that was written in ancient English in alliterative verse. It has two major parts: the first happens during the youth of the goth hero that gives its name to the poem, and tells how it comes to the aid of the Danes, who suffered the attacks of a gigantic monster –Grendel–, and after killing him, he faces his terrible mother; In the second part, Beowulf is already the king of the goths and fights to the death with a fierce dragon.
11. Black plague, bubonic plague or black death was a plague pandemic that ravaged Europe during the fourteenth century and was transmitted by fleas carried by rodents. The black plague ended with more than a third of the European population and with 45 to 60 million people worldwide.
12. The crusades were a series of religious wars promoted by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. These military campaigns had the declared objective of recovering for the Christianity the region of the Near East known as the Holy Land, which was under the dominion of Islam.
