Which factor most contributed to creating the human geographic characteristics of canada and united states listed below?

human geographic characteristics of canada:
-english, french, and spanish are spoken in the region.
-majority of the population in the region are christians.
-limited governments have been adopted in the region.
-descendants of africans and europeans populate the region.

a. spanish conquest of the region in the early half of the sixteenth century
b. cultural diffusion resulting from manifest destiny
c. colonization of the region in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
d. colonization of the region in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries