What was the western response to the problems of international trade that they experienced in t he 1400’s
a- western nations halted trade with asia and became more dependent on european commodities.

b-european nations sought to establish alliances with chinese in order to restore old trade routes.

c-overland trade routes through northern russia were establish to the east.

d-western nations began explorations of alternative routes to asia that would bypass the middle east and muslim realms.