11)
which of these best explains why guilds had a positive effect on trade during the middle ages?
a) guilds offered membership based on patriarchy and primogeniture.
b) guilds joined trade leagues due to intimidation by non-christians.
c) guilds petitioned rulers to remove taxes and tolls that impeded trade.
d) guilds were based on religion and each religion had specific marketplaces.

12)
- knight
- vassal
- serf
- peasant
these terms are most associated with which period in world history?
a) middle ages
b) neolithic age
c) hellenistic period
d) industrial revolution

13)
why did the bubonic plague most likely first occur in europe in port towns in italy and france?
a) boats landed at these ports with infected passengers and rodents.
b) the southwest portion of europe was the origin of the bubonic plague.
c) europe's inland towns had better hygiene and sanitation than port towns.
d) people living near the ocean were more vulnerable to the bubonic plague.

14)
the period in world history known as "the crusades" represents a struggle mostly based on
a) race.
b) religion.
c) political ideology.
d) military technology.

15)
“[t]he temples of the idols in that nation [england] ought not to be destroyed; but let the idols that are in them be destroyed; let holy water be made and sprinkled in the said temples, let altars be erected, and relics placed. for if those temples are well built, it is requisite that they be converted from the worship of devils to the service of the true god; that the nation, seeing that their temples are not destroyed, may remove error from their hearts, and knowing and adoring the true god, may the more familiarly resort to the places to which they have been accustomed.”
- “advice to the english church,“ pope gregory, 601
according to pope gregory
a) anything associated with english paganism must be eliminated.
b) the rebuilding of english temples will show the might of the christian church.
c) if certain pagan traditions are kept, christianity will be more easily accepted by the english.
d) english temples must remain completely unchanged because of fears of pagan resistance to christianity.