How did african americans contribute to the literary culture of america

answer; i believe the correct answer is (favorable balance);

b toward the volcano.landward. the landward side of something is the side nearest to the land or facing the land, rather than the sea.

to replace ineffective because   andrew jackson's spoil system was a deliberate policy after he became president to remove federal employees he considered to be political opponents and replace them with his own supporters.

cruel and illegal punishments

that would be the correct answer