Other than the u. s. supreme court, all federal courts were established by

Congress

Explanation:

While all federal courts were eventually established by Congress, the Supreme Court was established during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The idea of having a separate branch of government for dealing with judicial matters was very innovative. The framers initially only drafted general guidelines for the establishment of this court. They asked for the creation of a single "Supreme Court," and established that all lower courts were to be created by Congress from time to time.

d. migration of french settlers into english colonies