what did the “black codes” of the early english colonies do?

a. they ended the inter-colonial slave code.
b. they prevented english colonist from abusing their african slaves.
c. they equally distributed the african slave population between the northern and southern colonies.
d. they stripped african slaves of their human rights and allow english colonist to see them as less than human.

Interest groups representing businesses and investors are often among the most successful lobbying groups for all of the following reasons, except a. such groups have the financial resources to mount sustained campaigns on their own behalf b. these groups' members contribute heavily to many legislators' campaigns and in so doing gain greater access to legislators c. these groups have often been in existence for decades, allowing them to both master the legislative system and develop close ties with legislators d. the members of these groups make up the majority of voters in many districts