Briefly outline the major features shared by most pre-modern african societies. could you argue that pre-modern african cultures were more like, or more unlike the cultures and societies of ancient egypt, china, mesopotamia, greece, and rome

In pre-modern Sub-Saharan Africa, the basic unit of society was the clan or lineage-group. African societies were also largely structured into villages until the first chiefdoms and kingdoms began to appear.

Explanation:

Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, the basic unit of society was the clan group, which would typically live together as a cluster of households and thus small hamlets or villages would form on the bases of lineages and allied lineages. Large towns would be an amalgamation of these clans, and they would often be distributed as smaller villages of clans grouped together. Each village would be principled around the power of what anthropologists call a “big man.” They were the person whom the clan believed was the most directly descended from their founding ancestors. He would be joined by his extended family as well as more distant relatives, and often unrelated families who had been separated from their own clans and who looked to the big man for guidance and protection. In North Africa and the Saharan Desert, the organization of society was different and largely resembled cultures in the Middle East that were nomadic in large part.

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"a problem throughout latin america is widespread poverty. what can those countries improve? the higher the literacy rate" or "education, the lower the rate of poverty".

although the majority of the total population and the population   poor in latin america and the caribbean is in the centers   urban areas, in relative terms poverty remains a   rural phenomenon in the region. the incidence of poverty and   extreme poverty is much greater in rural areas than   in urban areas without going further, in 1997 more than half of the   rural households lived in poverty and about a third in   situation of extreme poverty. in addition, the difficult economic situation   of most of the countries in the region in the past   two years has surely deteriorated those figures. to the poor   of the rural areas of the region are raised at least   three basic problems: i); insufficient nutrition, poor health and   poor educational services; ii); scarce opportunities   productive employment in agriculture and non-agricultural activities;   and iii); low degree of organization to effectively promote   the rural interests. the number and variety of circumstances   that cause rural poverty, as well as heterogeneity   of conditions in which it occurs in different countries   and regions hinder the search for effective solutions and   efficient to raise the welfare of the rural population.  

the mechanisms to reduce poverty are   focuses on three types of important action possibilities and   complementary to generate or raise the income of the poor   of rural areas: one that is based on the growth of   agricultural sector; another that aims at sustainable use and conservation   of natural resources, and the last based on the importance   growing rural economic activities that   they develop outside the agricultural land. there are at least other   two possibilities for reducing rural poverty: the traditional migration to urban areas and assistance to   people who need income transfers to overcome   the poverty threshold or to have a minimum access to   social safety nets.