In italy, it was a series of republican revolts against european monarchies, beginning in sicily, and spreading to france, germany, italy, and the austrian empire. they all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals.

January 1848

Explanation:

The revolutionary movement began in Sicily in January 1848 then on February 24 in France (the only country in which it was successful), Then it extended to the whole continent with the exception of russia, scandinavian countries and spain.

basic principles: federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, representative democracy, limited government, rule of law, individual rights and responsibilities, consent of the governed, majority rule, popular sovereignty, equal protection.