The renaissance, reformation, scientific revolution, and enlightenment are all examples of people challenging what?

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

The Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment are all examples of people challenging the status quo of that time and the religious beliefs that had been established, to create a new form of thinking that supported individualism, secularism, and the idea that humans were intelligent and creative beings that could use the mind, the reason to thrive. During those periods, artistic works, scientific discoveries, social and politics ideas renovated the way things were done in the middle ages.

although the crusades failed to capture jerusalem, they had several major impacts on western europe. they increased the authority of the king: sometimes nobles died in battle without leaving an heir in which case the king got their land. kings passed taxes to pay for the crusades.

the fact that could also be added to column b is that during world war ii, specifically between the years 1941 and 1945, japan expanded its territory towards the indonesian territory in what was known later as part of the "pacific war". in that time, japan could conquer the philipines, singapore,   borneo, central java, malang, cebu, sumatra and various other islands of the area, therefore expanding its territory for a brief period of time.