One reson italy and germany were not major colonail powers in the 16th and 17th centuries was that they

A reason is that they did not have much access to the ocean.

Explanation:

Countries like England, France, and Spain had access to the ocean. Their access to the ocean allowed them to travel to other continents for more resources. Italy and Germany were centered mostly around the middle of Europe where they do not have access to oceans.

harding's opponent in the 1920 election was ohio governor and newspaperman james m. cox, who had won the democratic nomination in a 44-ballot convention battle. harding rejected the progressive ideology of the wilson administration in favor of the laissez-faire approach of the mckinley administration.

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