Towns during the high middle ages differed from towns before that time, in that after ca. 1000 towns became select one: a. administrative centers as well as centers of defense. b. the primary residences of bishops and other high church officials. c. increasingly under the authority of feudal lords. d. industrial and commercial centers. e. ecclesiastical centers of administration.

D). industrial and commercial centers.

Explanation:

During the High Middle Ages, Europe was a rural continent, but after the 11th century, towns began to rise. From the eleventh century, technical innovations allowed an agrarian development and there was a population increase. These techniques, such as improved use of the plow and implementation of the soil cultivation relay, increased production capacity. In addition, there was an increase in the soil used for agricultural cultivation, from the eighth century, with the use of belching in clearing forests.