Because the local lords could provide better protection against swift viking and magyar raids than a distant king, power shifted away from the monarchy to the nobility during much of the middle ages.

True.

Explanation:

Middle ages in the European context is the age of feudalism which started with the fall of the Roman Empire and lasted up-to-the renaissance period. During the Roman period, subjects feel safe under the protection of King but the situation changed in 476 A.D with the fall of the Roman Empire. Raids from the Vikings, Magyar and Mongols, and other invaders made people to seek protection under the local lords and here began the system of feudalism in Europe.

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.