Which of the following is not an example of an informal amendment to the u. s. constitution?

a. the president sends military forces abroad without congress declaring war.

b. the supreme court declares segregation constitutional in 1896 and then, in 1954, says it is unconstitutional.

c. congress creates the system of committees and committee chairs.

d. in the late 20th century, states ratify an amendment first circulated by james madison in 1789.