Why, after centuries as the “underdog,” was Europe by the early nineteenth century finally able to challenge the power of the Islamic empire?

d. direct

the answer for 3 is b and the answer for 4 is d

on the morning of  july 21,  1861, general mcdowell ordered the  unionarmy to attack. it was on this hill that  confederate  colonel thomas jackson and his forces held back theunion  troops.

the policy of appeasement influenced the beginning of ww2 because hitler gave the other countrys chocies but after they choose to try and appease hitler to not invade their country but he still invaded them.