What effect did the cold war have on the american space program? . a. high levels of military spending deterred scientific research. b. the need for nuclear weapons led to less sophisticated rocket technology. c. american and soviet scientific cooperation lessened political tension. d. competition with the soviet union spurred american space missions.

“the battle of stalingrad is not a turning point necessarily in strategic terms, because a lot more has to be done before the soviets can be certain of defeating germany,” says renowned world war ii historian richard overy. the germans had fought nearly a thousand miles across the soviet union to get to stalingrad.

in november 1781, john hanson became the first president of the united states in congress assembled, under the articles of confederation. many people have argued that john hanson, and not george washington, was the first president of the united states, but this is not quite true.

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