How are all courts, except the US Supreme Court, established?
A. by the Constitution
B. by Congress
C. by presidential executive order
D. by the states

B.

Article 3 in the judicial act of 1789 grants the power for federal courts and lower courts to be established by vote in Congress, this article also formed the Supreme Court. In a historical context, having the constitution establish courts for newly created states and territories makes little sense, however having congress able to create them through a vote allows for a more flexible approach to creating new courts and judicial zones. The Supreme Court differs as it was founded before any other, and cannot be re created by a congressional vote.

The answer is d. depriving colonists of trial by jury.