2. The Constitution did not mention corporations in Article I, Section 10, so how did Justice Marshall justify ruling that Dartmouth's charter was a contract?

Justice Marshal ruling was justified because the charter for the private university was set up before the New Hampshire state government existed. therefore the state government could not violate its conditions.

Explanation:

The Dartmouth college contract was bestowed by king George III in 1769. it was set up as a private university but the state government of New hampshire wanted to change it to a public university in other to reinstate their choice president as against the will of the Darmouth Board of Trustees. John Marshal noticed that since the charter for the private university was set up before the existence of the New Hampshire state government, then the state government could not violate its ruling and this affirms the sanctity of contracts in America.

the answer is d. tariffs were raised by america's trading partners after the smoot-hawley tariff act, decreasing exports, and declining job rates.

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