The Supreme Court’s ruling in the civil rights cases of 1883 led to
the beginnings of the sharecropping system.
the passage of the 1875 Civil Rights Act.
the start of the Democratic Party.
the rise of Jim Crow laws in the South.

roosevelt believed that in light of the country's recent military successes, it was unnecessary to use force to achieve foreign policy goals, so long as the military could threaten force. this belief, and his strategy of “speaking softly and carrying a big stick,” shaped much of roosevelt's foreign policy.

on november 6 and 7, 1917 (or october 24 and 25 on the julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the october revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by bolshevik party leader vladimir lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the duma's provisional government.

immigrants from northern and western europe continued coming as they had for three centuries, but in decreasing numbers

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